It wasn´t Christianity, apparently. But neither was it Islam or Buddhism. But of course, you knew this already. Tonight´s ChatGPT essay!
The answer depends on how you define "nation" and "abolished slavery" — but here's the clear historical breakdown:
🇫🇷 Revolutionary France (1794)
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In 1794, during the French Revolution, the National Convention abolished slavery in all French colonies.
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This was the first time a European state officially outlawed slavery empire-wide, including its overseas territories.
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But:
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It was reversed by Napoleon in 1802.
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So this abolition was short-lived, especially in the Caribbean.
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✅ France in 1794 was the first major European power to abolish slavery officially across its empire.
🇭🇹 Haiti (1804)
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Haiti (then Saint-Domingue) was the site of a massive slave revolt beginning in 1791, led by figures like Toussaint Louverture and later Jean-Jacques Dessalines.
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Slavery was effectively abolished on the ground by rebel forces before France’s decree reached them in 1794.
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In 1804, after defeating Napoleon's forces, Haiti declared independence and explicitly banned slavery permanently.
✅ Haiti was the first independent nation to permanently abolish slavery — and to be founded by former slaves.
Summary Comparison
| Country | Abolition Year | Status | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| France | 1794 | ✅ Temporary abolition | Reversed by Napoleon in 1802, restored in 1848 |
| Haiti | 1804 | ✅ Permanent abolition | First state to be born of a successful slave revolt |
| USA (North) | ~1865 (13th A.) | ✅ Permanent | Much later |
| UK (Empire) | 1833 | ✅ Gradual abolition | Compensated slave owners, gradual phase-out |
🧠 Bottom Line
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France (1794) was the first state to abolish slavery across its empire — but not permanently.
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Haiti (1804) was the first independent nation to permanently abolish slavery — and the first where former slaves seized power and created a new state.
If you're asking which abolition mattered most historically? — many historians point to Haiti, because it reshaped global debates about race, revolution, and empire.
Slavery was formally abolished in the Papal States in 1815, although the process was gradual and somewhat inconsistent before and after that date.
📜 Historical Overview:
🟤 Before 1815:
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The Papal States, like most of Europe, tolerated and participated in slavery for centuries — including:
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Domestic slavery
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Use of Muslim and African slaves, especially in coastal towns
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Support for the transatlantic slave trade by allowing religious orders to benefit from it indirectly
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🟢 1815 – Congress of Vienna:
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After the defeat of Napoleon, the Congress of Vienna (1815) issued calls for abolishing the slave trade.
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Pope Pius VII, under diplomatic pressure, issued a condemnation of the slave trade, declaring it “against the dignity of man and natural law.”
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He wrote to European monarchs urging the end of the slave trade.
✅ This is the first major official stance from the Papacy against slavery and the slave trade.
🟢 1839 – Full condemnation by Pope Gregory XVI:
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In the encyclical In Supremo Apostolatus (1839), Pope Gregory XVI explicitly condemned the slave trade and slavery itself.
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He called the enslavement of Blacks and other peoples a “plague” and declared it incompatible with Christian teaching.
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However:
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Enforcement in the Papal States was limited.
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The Papal States had very little slavery by this time, but some forms of forced labor and servitude persisted.
🟢 Post-1840s:
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By the mid-19th century, slavery had effectively disappeared from the Papal States.
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When Italy was unified and the Papal States were annexed (1870), slavery was already abolished.
🧾 Summary Timeline:
| Year | Event |
|---|---|
| 1815 | Pope Pius VII condemns the slave trade post-Vienna |
| 1839 | Pope Gregory XVI fully condemns slavery in In Supremo Apostolatus |
| Mid-1800s | Slavery disappears in practice in the Papal States |
| 1870 | Papal States end; incorporated into the Kingdom of Italy |
🧠 Bottom Line:
Slavery was abolished in the Papal States de facto by the early 1800s and officially condemned in 1815 and 1839, though remnants of servitude and church complicity lasted longer in various forms. The Papal States were not leaders in abolition but eventually joined the European consensus under international and moral pressure.
Would you like the full text or excerpt of the 1839 papal bull In Supremo Apostolatus?
Yes, there was slavery in the Papal States during the 16th century, including during the reign of Pope Paul III (1534–1549).
However, the situation was complex: while Paul III permitted certain forms of slavery (especially of non-Christians), he also famously condemned the enslavement of Indigenous peoples in the Americas, creating a nuanced and sometimes contradictory papal position on slavery.
🧭 Context: Slavery in Renaissance Italy and the Papal States
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In the 15th and 16th centuries, slavery was still legal and practiced in various Italian city-states and the Papal States.
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Slaves in Rome and other Papal territories were often:
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Muslims (captured during wars with the Ottomans or North African pirates)
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Sub-Saharan Africans
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Occasionally Eastern Europeans (via Ottoman or Tatar slave routes)
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They were used as domestic servants, galley slaves, or concubines.
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The Catholic Church itself owned slaves in certain contexts (e.g. noble households, convents, ships).
🧑✝️ Pope Paul III (1534–1549): A Mixed Legacy
❌ Permitted or tolerated slavery:
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Slavery was not abolished under Paul III.
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The Papal States continued to permit the ownership and trade of non-Christian slaves, especially Muslim captives.
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The Knights of Malta, a Catholic military order under papal authority, actively took and used Muslim slaves during his papacy.
✅ Condemned slavery of Indigenous Americans:
In a landmark moment:
🔹 1537: Sublimis Deus (Papal Bull)
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Paul III issued this document in response to reports of brutal enslavement of Native Americans by Spanish colonists.
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Declared that Indigenous peoples of the Americas were “true men” with souls and rational minds.
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Proclaimed it illegal and immoral to enslave them, even if they were not baptized.
🗨️ "Indians [...] are not to be deprived of their liberty or the possession of their property [...] nor should they be in any way enslaved." — Sublimis Deus, 1537
However:
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The bull was largely ignored or undermined by colonial authorities.
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It was partially revoked under pressure from Spain (though not entirely rescinded).
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It applied only to Native Americans, not to Africans or Muslims.
🧾 Summary
| Aspect | Status under Pope Paul III (1534–1549) |
|---|---|
| Slavery in Papal States | ✅ Legal, especially for Muslim captives and Africans |
| Church owning slaves | ✅ Still occurred (e.g. in galley crews, domestic roles) |
| Enslavement of Indigenous Americans | ❌ Explicitly condemned in 1537 (Sublimis Deus) |
| Enslavement of Africans/Muslims | ✅ Tolerated and continued |
| Broader abolition stance | ❌ No general condemnation of slavery |
🧠 Bottom Line
Yes, slavery existed in the Papal States in the 16th century, including during Pope Paul III’s reign.
While he made an important early stand against the enslavement of Native Americans, he did not oppose slavery in general, and slavery of Africans and Muslims continued under papal rule.
Would you like the full Latin or English text of Sublimis Deus, or a further breakdown of its historical impact?
The British Empire abolished slavery in stages, with the most significant abolition measures taking place in the early to mid-19th century. Here's a clear breakdown:
📜 Key Dates in British Abolition
🔹 1807 – Abolition of the Slave Trade
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The Slave Trade Act 1807 made it illegal to buy or sell slaves within the British Empire.
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It did not free enslaved people, but banned the transatlantic slave trade.
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The Royal Navy began actively intercepting slave ships.
✅ This was a major turning point, but slavery itself remained legal.
🔹 1833 – Abolition of Slavery Act
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The Slavery Abolition Act 1833 abolished slavery throughout most of the British Empire.
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Took effect in 1834.
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Freed over 800,000 enslaved Africans in colonies such as:
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The Caribbean (e.g., Jamaica, Barbados)
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South Africa
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Canada (indirectly)
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Parts of South Asia and Africa
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But:
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Exceptions: Slavery was not immediately abolished in territories controlled by the East India Company, Ceylon (Sri Lanka), and St. Helena.
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"Apprenticeship" system: Many formerly enslaved people were forced into a transitional 4–6 year system of unpaid labor (until 1838 in most places).
🔹 1843 – Abolition in India and other remaining areas
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Slavery was finally abolished in British India and other remaining territories via the Indian Slavery Act, 1843.
🧾 Summary Timeline
| Year | Event |
|---|---|
| 1807 | Slave Trade Act – banned buying/selling slaves |
| 1833 | Slavery Abolition Act passed |
| 1834 | Slavery ended in most of the British Empire (with apprenticeship phase) |
| 1838 | Apprenticeship system fully ended |
| 1843 | Slavery abolished in India and other territories |
🧠 Bottom Line
The British Empire abolished the slave trade in 1807 and slavery itself in most colonies by 1834, with full abolition by 1843.
Britain was a major player in the transatlantic slave trade, but later became a global enforcer of anti-slavery laws through its navy.
Would you like a comparison with abolition dates in other European empires (e.g. France, Spain, Portugal)?
The abolition of slavery in Muslim-majority countries occurred gradually over the 19th and 20th centuries, largely under international pressure, especially from European powers and, later, the United Nations. Most Islamic countries did not abolish slavery as early as Europe or the Americas, and in some cases, it lingered in practice long after legal abolition.
Here is an overview of key dates:
🕌 Slavery Abolition in Muslim-Majority States
| Country/Empire | Abolition Year | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Ottoman Empire | 1847–1909 | Gradual; slavery of Circassians, Africans, and others phased out |
| Tunisia | 1846 | First Muslim country to formally abolish slavery |
| Egypt | 1877–1884 | Under pressure from Britain; Khedives banned slave markets |
| Iran (Persia) | 1929 | Banned slavery after League of Nations pressure |
| Afghanistan | 1923 | Slavery banned in constitution of King Amanullah Khan |
| Saudi Arabia | 1962 | Official abolition under pressure from the U.S. and UN |
| Yemen (North) | 1962 | After revolution; formal abolition |
| Mauritania | 1981 | Last country to formally abolish slavery — not criminalized until 2007 |
| United Arab Emirates | 1963–1970s | Gradual phase-out under British/U.S. pressure |
| Qatar, Oman, Kuwait | 1950s–1970s | Phased abolition under British advisement |
| Sudan | 1924 / 2000s | Official abolition in early 20th century, but slavery persisted in civil conflicts |
🔍 Key Themes
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Religious law (Sharia) permitted slavery historically, especially of non-Muslims captured in war.
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The trans-Saharan and Indian Ocean slave trades were active long after the transatlantic trade ended.
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In many Muslim-majority societies, slavery was domestic, military, or concubinal, not plantation-based.
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Abolition often happened under colonial rule or postcolonial Western pressure, not via internal reform.
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In countries like Mauritania and Sudan, slavery continued unofficially well into the 21st century.
🧠 Bottom Line
Slavery was abolished in Muslim-majority states from the mid-19th to late 20th centuries, mostly due to external pressure, not internal abolitionist movements.
Tunisia (1846) was the first to outlaw it, and Mauritania (1981) was the last to do so formally.
Would you like a map or timeline showing the abolition of slavery worldwide, including Islamic regions?
Yes, most Buddhist-majority countries abolished slavery between the late 19th and mid-20th centuries, often under colonial or modernization pressures. Bhutan (1958) is indeed the last officially Buddhist nation known to have abolished slavery. As for Tibet, it did practice forms of serfdom and slavery well into the 20th century, including during its period of de facto independence (1912–1951).
🛕 Slavery in Buddhist-Majority Countries: Abolition Timeline
| Country | Slavery Abolished | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Sri Lanka (Ceylon) | 1844 | Abolished under British rule. The Radala caste system remained influential. |
| Thailand (Siam) | 1905 | Gradual abolition under King Chulalongkorn (Rama V). Domestic slavery and debt bondage were phased out. |
| Burma (Myanmar) | 1886 | Abolished after full annexation by the British Empire. Traditional servitude systems had existed before. |
| Cambodia | Late 1800s – early 1900s | Abolition came under French colonial rule. Traditional slave systems, including debt slavery, were phased out. |
| Laos | Early 20th century | French colonial authorities gradually banned slavery. |
| Vietnam | Early 20th century | Under French colonial rule; had traditional forms of servitude, though majority of Vietnamese are Mahayana Buddhists. |
| Bhutan | 1958 | Slavery and serfdom abolished under King Jigme Dorji Wangchuck’s reforms. |
| Tibet (1912–1951) | ❌ Not abolished | Practiced forms of hereditary serfdom and slavery until Chinese annexation. No formal abolition occurred during independence. |
📍 Special Case: Tibet (1912–1951)
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During its de facto independence (after the fall of the Qing dynasty), Tibet maintained a feudal theocratic system.
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Society was stratified into:
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Aristocrats
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Monks and monastic elites
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Serfs (commoners with little to no freedom)
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Outcast groups, some of whom were legally or effectively slaves
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Although some historians debate the extent of slavery vs serfdom, most agree forms of unfree labor persisted, with no legal abolition until Tibet came under Chinese control in 1951.
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The Chinese Communist Party claimed it "liberated the serfs" after 1959.
🧠 Summary
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Yes, Bhutan (1958) was likely the last Buddhist-majority country to formally abolish slavery.
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Tibet continued to permit serfdom and de facto slavery during its period of independence (1912–1951), with no known reforms to end these practices.
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Other Buddhist nations abolished slavery mostly under colonial or modernization influences, not from within traditional Buddhist institutions.
Would you like a timeline or deeper insight into the relationship between Buddhist doctrine and historical attitudes toward slavery?
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