Showing posts with label Plants. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Plants. Show all posts

Saturday, September 6, 2025

Mad honey

 


Some more speculations about the elusive "soma" of the Vedic scriptures. The idea that soma was really the lotus is intriguing, to be sure. I think ephedra was the most official proposal 20 years ago (when I studied comparative religion at university level). What it is today, who knows.

It´s fascinating that while the original Veda Samhitas have been preserved for 3000 years, the knowledge of soma (necessary for many of the rituals) has been lost...perhaps forever. 

So strictly speaking the Vedic rituals are no longer efficacious. They are LARP-s. The gods want their mad honey!

Wednesday, September 3, 2025

Pickla mitt as, mannen

 


Tur att någon tar tag i de verkligt viktiga frågorna i en tid som denna, LOL. Men okej, jag råkar gilla picklad rödlök (och syltlök...och faktiskt även purjolök i modesta proportioner), så jag kanske är lite partisk i den här frågan. Just den här "invasionen" ska alltså *inte* stoppas! 

Stoppa invasionen av picklad rödlök i svensk matkultur

Sunday, August 31, 2025

Secret mushroom theory

 


Forget about septum ring theory, here comes secret (and sacred) mushroom theory. Not sure how much this video really proves, but it´s an interesting ethnographic journey across India. 

The content-creator, Dakota of Earth, believes that soma - the mysterious substance mentioned in the ancient Vedas and worshipped as divine - is really a psychedelic mushroom. Yes, it´s the same Dakota who also recorded a mini-documentary about the Aghori at Varanasi! 

Make of this expedition to various strange Hindu temples and ancient Buddhist sites whatever you wish.   

Tuesday, August 19, 2025

Friday, August 15, 2025

Sommarplåga

 


Just nu är det nog bättre att vara en jäkla näckros än en människa. Apropå (den påstådda?) vattenkrisen i Mälardalen...

Thursday, July 17, 2025

Corn syrup and immigration

Credit: Ton Rulkens

So I asked the robot to comment this week´s strangest news item. Yes, that would be Trump´s proud announcement that the Coca Cola Company (at the God-Emperor´s prodding, mind you) will stop sweeten Coke Classic with corn syrup, instead using real sugar from sugarcane. Eh? 

Sugarcane is grown in the southern states, where many people support Trump. But...what about immigrant labor at the sugarcane plantations? And what´s up with the corn syrup situation anyway? My guess is that RFK Jr and his "MAHA" movement may be behind this, since I assume they oppose said syrup. 

However, more sugarcane production will presumably also make it necessary to import more cheap labor from Mexico and Central America. Unless the MAHA-ites want to lift and then volunteer their working class muscle down at the latifundia... 

Do sugar cane plantations in the South use labor from Mexico?

Yes, many sugarcane farms in the U.S. South—especially in states like Florida and Louisiana—do use labor from Mexico, but the situation is more nuanced and varies by region and employer.


🇺🇸 U.S. Sugarcane Labor Overview

1. Mexican Migrant Labor

  • A significant portion of seasonal sugarcane workers in the South are Mexican nationals.

  • Many are brought to the U.S. through the H-2A visa program, which allows agricultural employers to hire foreign workers temporarily when there are not enough local laborers.

  • These workers typically perform manual cutting, planting, weeding, and harvesting, especially in Louisiana, which still relies partly on hand-harvested cane.

2. Florida (Heavily Mechanized)

  • In Florida, sugarcane harvesting is now largely mechanized—machines cut most of the cane.

  • However, Mexican and Central American workers are still employed in:

    • Planting

    • Field preparation

    • Maintenance

    • Milling operations

  • They often work under contracts with large companies (e.g., U.S. Sugar, Florida Crystals).

3. Louisiana (Still Some Manual Cutting)

  • Louisiana relies more heavily on manual labor for certain stages of harvesting and field prep.

  • Mexican H-2A workers are widely used during the harvest season.

  • Labor shortages have made growers more dependent on foreign guest workers.


🧾 Labor Rights & Controversies

There have been ongoing debates around:

  • Pay levels and working conditions for H-2A workers.

  • Access to healthcare and housing during seasonal work.

  • Exploitation or legal gray areas with subcontractors or recruiters.

Several reports and labor watchdogs have raised concerns, particularly regarding wage disputes and unsafe working environments.


✅ Summary

RegionLabor SourceMechanizationUse of Mexican Workers
FloridaLocal + H-2A migrantsHigh (mechanized)Yes, mostly for planting & prep
LouisianaLocal + H-2A (mostly Mexican)Mixed (some hand harvest)Yes, widely used
TexasLess significant productionMixedSome use of migrant labor

Would you like information on how the H-2A visa program works or data on the number of Mexican workers in agriculture more broadly?

Is there a criticism against using corn syrup from consumer rights groups and such?

Yes, there is significant criticism of high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS) from a range of consumer rights groups, health organizations, and nutrition advocates. The criticism centers on health concerns, labeling transparency, and industrial agricultural practices. Here's a breakdown:


⚠️ 1. Health-Related Criticisms

a. Obesity & Metabolic Issues

  • HFCS has been linked—controversially—to the rise in obesity and type 2 diabetes in the U.S.

  • Groups like the Center for Science in the Public Interest (CSPI) and Public Health Advocacy Institute argue that HFCS contributes to overconsumption of sugar in processed foods and beverages.

b. Fructose Metabolism

  • Unlike glucose, fructose is metabolized primarily in the liver, which can lead to fat buildup and insulin resistance.

  • Some studies have associated high fructose intake with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and elevated triglycerides.

c. "Empty Calories"

  • Consumer health advocates argue HFCS provides no nutritional value beyond calories, and encourages the consumption of sugary, processed foods over whole foods.


🧾 2. Labeling and Transparency Concerns

  • HFCS often appears under different names like “corn sugar”, which can confuse consumers.

  • In 2012, the FDA rejected a petition by the corn industry to rename HFCS as “corn sugar,” citing misleading labeling.

  • Critics claim food labeling lacks clear distinctions between cane/beet sugar and corn syrup, which undermines informed consumer choice.


🌽 3. Industrial Agriculture & Environmental Impact

  • HFCS depends on large-scale corn monoculture, which requires:

    • Heavy fertilizer and pesticide use

    • Government subsidies (taxpayer-funded support of corn)

  • Environmental groups (like the Environmental Working Group) criticize this model for contributing to:

    • Soil degradation

    • Water pollution (from nitrogen runoff)

    • Reduced biodiversity


🏷️ 4. Market & Consumer Pushback

  • Starting in the late 2000s, there was a consumer backlash against HFCS.

  • Many companies (e.g., Snapple, Heinz ketchup, Gatorade) began marketing products with labels like “no high-fructose corn syrup.”

  • Some health-conscious consumers see HFCS as a marker of “ultra-processed” or low-quality food.


📊 Scientific Consensus?

  • Major health organizations like the American Medical Association (AMA) and FDA have stated that HFCS and table sugar (sucrose) are nutritionally similar when consumed in moderation.

  • However, they also acknowledge excessive sugar intake of any kind is unhealthy.

🟨 So while HFCS may not be uniquely toxic, critics argue that it encourages overconsumption due to its low cost and prevalence in processed foods.


✅ Summary of Criticisms

AreaConcern
HealthLinks to obesity, diabetes, liver problems
LabelingLack of transparency, misleading names
EnvironmentIndustrial corn farming harms ecosystems
Consumer rightsReduced choice, hard-to-avoid in processed foods
EconomicsSubsidized production distorts food markets

Let me know if you’d like citations, major health studies, or a comparison between HFCS and cane sugar in how the body processes them.

Make Cuba great again?

 


Strangest tweet from Donald Trump so far? Maybe this can be used as an argument for lifting the blockade on Cuba, I don´t know... 

Friday, June 27, 2025

Feralization

 


If you know, you know. Muh-hah-hah-hah! 

How long does it take for a domesticated species of plant to turn wild again? Does this have any bearing on the question of when agriculture began?

Excellent and deep question — let’s tackle it in two parts:


🌱 1. How long does it take for a domesticated plant species to “turn wild” again?

This process is called feralization — when a domesticated species reverts to a wild or semi-wild state after escaping cultivation or human management.

⏳ How fast can it happen?

  • In some cases, feralization can begin within a few generations (e.g., 5–50 years), especially in annual plants that reproduce quickly.

  • Traits that are lost or reduced during domestication — like seed shattering, seed dormancy, or thorn production — can re-evolve under natural selection if beneficial in the wild.

  • Full reversion to a wild-type genome is rare, but feral plants often show:

    • Increased seed dispersal

    • Decreased yield

    • Resumption of natural defenses (e.g., toxins or spines)

📌 Example: Weedy rice (Oryza sativa f. spontanea), which evolved from domesticated rice and re-developed wild traits in only a few centuries (possibly faster in some regions).


📜 2. Does this affect how we date the beginning of agriculture?

Yes — feralization complicates the archaeological record of agriculture in important ways:

🧭 Here's how:

  • Early farming was likely intermittent, small-scale, and low-intensity.

  • If agriculture was abandoned for even a few decades or centuries, domesticated crops could go feral and vanish from the landscape and archaeological visibility.

  • This means that early domestication events could have occurred thousands of years before the earliest definitive archaeological evidence.

🔄 Agriculture as a long process:

  • Modern archaeology sees domestication as a gradual, multi-generational process, not a single moment.

  • Some species show pre-domestication cultivation — early humans planted them before the genetic signs of full domestication appear.

  • If early farming societies collapsed or moved, their plants may have reverted — making it seem like agriculture started “later” than it actually did.

🧬 Genetic evidence shows that domestication traits (like non-shattering ears in wheat or barley) accumulated slowly, and can be lost under feral conditions.


🧾 Summary

✅ Domesticated plants can revert toward wild forms surprisingly quickly (within decades to centuries), depending on the species and environment.

🧠 This means that early, failed, or abandoned attempts at agriculture may have left no clear trace in the archaeological record.

📆 As a result, the true origins of agriculture may be older and more complex than previously thought, with cycles of cultivation, abandonment, and re-domestication.


Would you like examples of specific plants (like wheat, barley, or maize) and how quickly they can feralize or re-domesticate?

Yes, all three. Also rice!

Great — let’s explore how wheat, barley, maize, and rice behave when feralized (i.e., revert from domestication) or re-domesticated, and what that tells us about the timing and complexity of agriculture’s origins.


🌾 1. Wheat (Triticum spp.)

🧬 Domesticated Traits:

  • Non-shattering spikelets (seeds stay on the stalk, making harvesting easier)

  • Larger grains

  • Softer seed coats

🔄 Feralization/Reversion:

  • Under wild conditions, non-shattering becomes a disadvantage (seeds don’t disperse).

  • Studies show that feral wheat lines can evolve partial shattering again within ~20–50 generations (500–1,000 years).

  • However, wheat is less weedy and does not easily naturalize without human help.

🧠 Implication:

Wheat domestication was slow, taking 1,000–2,000+ years, and could reverse partially if early agriculture was abandoned.


🌾 2. Barley (Hordeum vulgare)

🧬 Domesticated Traits:

  • Like wheat: non-shattering spikes, larger grains

  • Shorter dormancy, more uniform germination

🔄 Feralization:

  • Weedy barley populations (H. vulgare f. spontaneum) are common near fields.

  • Barley can hybridize with wild relatives, rapidly reintroducing wild traits like:

    • Seed dormancy

    • Rough awns (barbs)

    • Shattering

📌 Some barley reverts to near-wild form within <500 years when left uncultivated.

🧠 Implication:

Barley is more plastic than wheat, showing frequent gene flow with wild forms. This makes archaeological dating of “fully domesticated” barley complicated.


🌽 3. Maize (Zea mays)

🧬 Domesticated Traits:

  • Derived from teosinte (wild grass from Mexico)

  • Maize has:

    • Larger cobs

    • Multiple rows of kernels

    • Non-shattering seeds (fully dependent on humans to spread)

🔄 Feralization:

  • Maize is highly domesticated and does not easily revert.

  • However, teosinte-maize hybrids can arise spontaneously if maize is grown near wild relatives.

  • Some “wild maize” types in Mexico are likely re-wilded hybrids, but they don’t fully return to teosinte.

🧠 Implication:

Maize is an outlier — it’s so altered that it can’t survive as-is in the wild. But gene flow with teosinte can blur the archaeological record.


🌾 4. Rice (Oryza sativa)

🧬 Domesticated Traits:

  • Shorter seed dormancy

  • Non-shattering grains

  • Compact panicles (grain heads)

  • Reduced awns

🔄 Feralization:

  • Rice rapidly feralizes — a major modern problem known as weedy rice or red rice.

  • This happens through:

    • Escape from fields

    • Hybridization with wild rice (O. rufipogon)

  • Traits like seed shattering, dormancy, and red pericarps reappear in <10 generations.

📌 Weedy rice is genetically part-domesticated but behaves wild — showing how quickly selection pressure can undo human cultivation traits.

🧠 Implication:

Rice demonstrates how fast domesticated traits can be lost in just decades. This has serious implications for interpreting early rice domestication in East and Southeast Asia.


🧾 Overall Takeaways

PlantSpeed of FeralizationKey Points
WheatSlow–moderate (centuries)Stable once fully domesticated; partial reversions
BarleyFast–moderate (decades–centuries)Hybridizes easily; common weedy forms
MaizeRare, via hybridization onlyCannot survive without human aid, but gene flow with teosinte confuses the picture
RiceFast (within decades)Weedy forms arise quickly; feral rice is a major modern issue

🌱 Final Thought

These examples show that:

  • Domestication is reversible, especially in early stages.

  • Many early agricultural episodes could disappear from the archaeological record within centuries, due to feralization.

  • Therefore, true beginnings of agriculture may predate the first archaeobotanical evidence by millennia.

Would you like a diagram or timeline showing how these crops evolved across time and geography? 

Saturday, June 21, 2025

God is a toad

 


A crazy video from YouTube featuring our favorite stoner Dakota of Earth. This time around, he is high on "bufo". Can you really meet God by inbibing a secretion from a toad?! ChatGPT has some opinions... 

What is "bufo"? I´m refering to some kind of psychedelic drug. Is it a form of DMT?

Yes, "Bufo" typically refers to the psychedelic secretion of the Bufo alvarius toad, also known as the Sonoran Desert toad or Colorado River toad. The psychoactive compound in this secretion is primarily 5-MeO-DMT, which is a powerful, fast-acting psychedelic.


🐸 What Is 5-MeO-DMT?

  • 5-MeO-DMT stands for 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine.

  • It is a tryptamine, like regular DMT (N,N-DMT) found in ayahuasca and certain plants.

  • However, 5-MeO-DMT is chemically distinct and has very different subjective effects.


🌬️ Effects of Bufo / 5-MeO-DMT

  • Extremely rapid onset (within seconds of inhalation)

  • Very short duration (usually 15–30 minutes)

  • Intense dissolution of ego/self, sometimes described as “merging with the void,” “unified field,” or “pure consciousness”

  • Less visionary than N,N-DMT — people often report light, energy, or white-out experiences rather than geometric patterns or entities

  • Commonly described as more powerful and “ineffable” than other psychedelics


🔬 Differences: Bufo vs. DMT (Ayahuasca or Synthetic)

FeatureBufo (5-MeO-DMT)DMT (N,N-DMT)
SourceBufo alvarius toad secretionPlants (e.g. chacruna), synthetic
Common formSmoked or vaporized secretionSmoked, snuffed, or orally as ayahuasca
Duration15–30 minutes30–60 minutes (smoked); 4–6 hrs (ayahuasca)
VisualsMinimal to noneOften vivid, complex visuals and "entities"
Common themesEgo death, nonduality, merging with SourceSpirit journeys, alien contact, otherworlds
Legality5-MeO-DMT is illegal in some countries (e.g. U.S.)N,N-DMT is also scheduled in most places

🌍 Ethical and Environmental Concerns

  • Toad harvesting is controversial. Wild Bufo alvarius populations are under pressure due to demand.

  • Synthetic 5-MeO-DMT is available and chemically identical, often seen as the more sustainable choice.

  • Some Indigenous groups and psychedelic communities discourage using wild toads.


⚠️ Safety and Cautions

  • Extremely potent; not recommended for beginners or unsupervised use

  • Can cause overwhelming ego death, which some users find traumatic

  • Should only be used with proper integration, preparation, and ideally a trained facilitator or guide


Would you like sources, maps of where the toads live, or details on how 5-MeO-DMT affects the brain?

How does it affect the brain?

5-MeO-DMT, the active compound in “Bufo,” profoundly affects the brain by binding to specific serotonin receptors, particularly 5-HT2A and 5-HT1A — which are involved in mood, perception, and consciousness.


🧠 How 5-MeO-DMT Affects the Brain

🔹 1. Serotonin Receptor Binding

  • Primary action: strong agonism (activation) of the 5-HT2A receptor
    This is the same receptor activated by LSD, psilocybin, and N,N-DMT — it's the “psychedelic receptor.”

  • Also binds to:

    • 5-HT1A — linked to mood and anxiety regulation

    • Possibly sigma-1 receptors, involved in consciousness, but this is less well understood

🔹 2. Ego Dissolution and Default Mode Network (DMN) Suppression

  • The Default Mode Network is a brain network associated with:

    • Self-referential thinking

    • The sense of identity (“ego”)

    • Rumination and mental time travel (thinking about past and future)

  • 5-MeO-DMT heavily disrupts or quiets the DMN, which correlates with:

    • Ego dissolution

    • Loss of self–other boundaries

    • Feelings of merging with a greater whole or consciousness

Many users report this as a total loss of subject-object duality — often described as “nondual awareness” or “the void.”

🔹 3. Rapid Onset & Short Duration

  • After inhalation, the compound crosses the blood–brain barrier very rapidly

  • Peak effects occur within 1–2 minutes, and the experience resolves in ~20 minutes

  • Because it's so fast, the brain doesn’t have much time to “process” or contextualize the experience, which may contribute to the ineffability of the state


🧬 Functional Brain Imaging (Early Findings)

There’s limited fMRI or EEG data on 5-MeO-DMT (compared to psilocybin or LSD), but preliminary studies and analogies suggest:

Brain EffectLikely Result in Experience
↓ DMN coherenceEgo loss, unity consciousness
↑ Connectivity across regions“Hyper-consciousness,” sense of oneness
↓ Activity in visual cortexLack of typical geometric hallucinations (unlike DMT)
↑ Activity in limbic systemDeep emotional release, catharsis

🧠 Comparison to Psilocybin and LSD

Feature5-MeO-DMTPsilocybin / LSD
Ego dissolutionVery common, extremeCommon, but often gradual
Visual hallucinationsMinimalProminent (esp. in LSD and DMT)
Emotional releaseOften intenseVaries
Duration15–30 minutes4–8 hours
Subjective clarityIneffable, white-outOften involves visions, stories, metaphors

⚠️ Psychological & Spiritual Considerations

  • Users often describe the experience as a "death and rebirth" or “merging with the absolute”

  • Can lead to profound healing, spiritual awakening, or trauma, depending on set, setting, and integration

  • Not recommended for people with certain mental health conditions (e.g. psychosis risk)


Would you like to see a brain activity diagram or studies comparing it directly to psilocybin or N,N-DMT?

Why are the effects of N,N-DMT different?

The effects of N,N-DMT and 5-MeO-DMT differ dramatically because of chemical structure differences, receptor selectivity, and how they affect brain networks and perception. Here's a breakdown of why they produce such distinct experiences:


🔬 1. Chemical Structure Differences

  • Both are tryptamines (related to serotonin), but:

    • N,N-DMT: has a “linear” structure allowing for more interaction with sensory and visual pathways

    • 5-MeO-DMT: has a methoxy group at position 5, making it more potent at certain serotonin receptors and less visual in its effects

⚖️ Result:

  • N,N-DMT: more “structured,” visual, and entity-rich

  • 5-MeO-DMT: more “amorphous,” ego-dissolving, white-light/unity state


🧠 2. Different Receptor Affinities

Receptor TypeN,N-DMT5-MeO-DMT
5-HT2A (psychedelic)Strong agonistEven stronger agonist
5-HT1A (mood/calm)MildVery strong
Sigma-1ActivePossibly less active
Visual cortex targetsStimulatesLess stimulation

⚖️ Result:

  • N,N-DMT produces:

    • Vivid closed-eye visuals

    • “Entity encounters” or “machine elf” phenomena

    • Geometric, colorful, story-like journeys

  • 5-MeO-DMT produces:

    • No or minimal visuals

    • Overwhelming ego dissolution

    • White light, merging with void or God


🧠 3. Different Effects on Brain Networks

  • N,N-DMT:

    • Activates visual processing centers intensely

    • Enhances cross-talk between brain regions, allowing for complex, symbolic, and narrative experiences

  • 5-MeO-DMT:

    • Strongly suppresses Default Mode Network (DMN)

    • Creates complete ego disintegration

    • Less sensory input processing — more about nonduality, stillness, unity


🎨 4. Subjective Effects: A Comparison

FeatureN,N-DMT5-MeO-DMT (Bufo)
VisualsComplex, colorful, fractalMinimal or none
EntitiesCommon (elves, aliens, teachers)Rare
Ego dissolutionPossible, but user often retains “observer”Total, often overwhelming
Emotional toneVaries (awe, terror, joy)Often blissful, sometimes terrifying
Integration difficultyHighVery high
Duration~15–45 minutes (smoked)15–30 minutes (vaporized)
Language use afterwardUsers describe stories, visionsUsers say it was “ineffable,” beyond language

🌌 Summary Metaphor

Imagine N,N-DMT as being catapulted into an alien theme park full of vivid imagery and beings, where something seems to be “happening.”

Now imagine 5-MeO-DMT as being dissolved into pure white light, where there’s no self, no scene, no entities — just infinite presence or nothingness.


Would you like a chart summarizing this visually or sources from recent neuroscience research comparing both substances?

What is datura? Is there a datura-related cult of Shiva in India?

Datura is a highly toxic and powerful psychoactive plant used historically in ritual, shamanic, and religious contexts — including some related to Shaivism (the worship of Shiva) in India.


🌿 What is Datura?

Datura is a genus of plants in the nightshade family (Solanaceae), including species like:

  • Datura stramonium (Jimsonweed)

  • Datura inoxia

  • Datura metel

🔬 Active compounds:

  • Scopolamine

  • Hyoscyamine

  • Atropine

These are tropane alkaloids, which:

  • Are anticholinergic (block acetylcholine in the nervous system)

  • Can cause delirium, hallucinations, disorientation, amnesia, and strong physical effects (e.g. dry mouth, dilated pupils, elevated heart rate)

⚠️ Datura is extremely dangerous. Even small doses can lead to fatal poisoning or long-term psychosis.


🕉️ Datura in Hinduism and the Shiva Cult

Yes, Datura has a connection to Shiva worship, particularly in Tantric and folk Shaivite traditions. Here's how:

🔹 1. Offerings to Shiva

  • Datura flowers and seeds are traditionally offered to Shiva, especially during festivals like Mahashivaratri.

  • The plant is associated with Shiva’s ascetic, destructive, and wild aspects.

  • It’s one of the few toxic plants considered sacred in this context.

According to legend, Shiva consumed poison during the churning of the ocean (Samudra Manthan), which is symbolically linked to the offering of toxic plants like Datura.

🔹 2. Tantric and Aghori Use

  • In Tantric Shaivism, particularly in Aghori and Nath sects, Datura may be used in ritual intoxication to:

    • Break conventional mental boundaries

    • Enter altered states

    • Confront death and ego

  • Aghoris, who worship Shiva in his form as Bhairava, may use Datura in extreme rituals, though this is rare and highly esoteric.


🧠 Effects in Ritual Context

Unlike classic psychedelics like psilocybin or ayahuasca, Datura produces delirium, not insight or ego dissolution. Effects include:

  • Hallucinations indistinguishable from reality

  • Talking to people who aren't there

  • Complete amnesia afterward

  • A sense of death, decay, or spiritual trial

This made it useful in initiation rites or “death-and-rebirth” experiences in some traditions — but it is extremely unpredictable and dangerous.


📜 Summary

AspectDetail
Plant typePsychoactive nightshade (toxic, deliriant)
Main compoundsScopolamine, atropine, hyoscyamine
Hindu connectionSacred to Shiva; used as offering
Ritual useRare use in Tantric and Aghori sects
ExperienceDelirium, hallucinations, amnesia, spiritual crisis
RiskHigh – can be fatal or cause psychosis

Would you like more detail on Aghori rituals or the symbolism of Shiva in relation to poisonous plants?